English Translation

Ejchechen (Czech Mz. Češi, Ez. Česk), Western Slav people in Central Europe (7.3 Mill), inhabit the interior of Bohemia and Moravia, crossed by numerous ethnic islands, racially mixed. People's splinters are still found in Volhynia, a strong ethnic group in the Ver. St. v. A. (Zooooo, bes. in Illinois). According to their residences, the T. the Hanna »Hannaken«, that of the mountains »Horaken«. The inhabitants of south-eastern Moravia are in the T.tum risen Slovaks. The T. are small peasant, diligent and progressive minded, of great musical talent (↑ Sp. ). The peasants carry partly still the colorful costumes and hold in individual seasons to old customs (fruitability spells). Lit. : Blue, »Landes= und Volkskunde der cschecho-slovak. Rep.« 1927; A. Fischel, »Das cschech. Volk« 1928, 2 Bde. The Czech language (formerly also Czech) forms the western branch of the Slavic languages with Slovak, which it is closest to, Polish, Kashubian and Wendisch. Characteristic for the Czech language is the one always on the 1. Syllable fixed word tone as well as the strict subordination of long and short self-sounds, which are also accurately described in writing (e.g. é, ü). Ge= it is written with lat. letters (c wie tß, y wie i, z wie s); for which the Czech peculiar = sounds are used diacritical signs ber= (č, tsch; š, sch; ž, fch; ř, rfćh; ň, nj; d, dj; ë, je, u. a.); r and l can be gill bearers (prst, "finger", vlk, "Wolf"). In Bohemia itself, the linguistic area is quite uniform in dialect, with more differences in Moravia in 47858; Scripture = language (established by the Kraliß Bible in 1579-93) is based on the (Prague) middle dialect. The oldest testimonies of the language are glosses, church = liche Lieder (I1. Jh.), translations of parts of the Bible, among others, Lit.: I. known grammar by Dobrobský 1809, 1819, new 1940; Lb. for Germans: Smetánka (»Slg. Göfchen«) 1920, Maschner 193710, Kunz 193924, Kabesch (Der Kl. Toussaint-Langenscheidt) 1930 and many others; Wb., for practical use: Nank 1920o 2 Bde., Sterzinger 1935, 2 Bd., Kabesch 1929, 1933, 2Bde. and others Literature. i) The beginnings. The oldest monuments (↑ Grünberger and ↑ Königinghofer Handschrift) are forgeries (↑ Hanka).The first beginnings are glosses, translations bon parts of the Bible, church songs (»Hospodine, pomiluj ny«), »Lord, he=bold you ours«, 1I. The first Czech poet was Semil Flaska of Pardubis (flăschka; * 1349, †1403; allegorical poem »The New Council«1394). Also from the 14th century, the St. Wenceslas Song (Svatý Václave, voevodo české země), "Holy Wenzel, Army Leader of the Bohemian Land", 12th century), didactic poems, legends (Legend of Saint Catherine, 14th Century), spiritual dramas, fables, etc. comes from the romantic epic »Alerandreis«. They worked on knight novels, travel descriptions, spiritual narratives, among others; Latin historical works followed the Czech, strongly anti-German so-called ↑ Dalimilian Neimchronics. A great upswing of spiritual life meant the founding of the German unit. Prague 89 1348. Czech wrote the scholastic. Philofoph Tomás Stitnh (shtitni, Thomas of Stüttna; *1331, † 1401). The first Czech right-wing monuments were created. Přibik Pulkaba of Nadenia († 138o) wrote a czech profachronic. Gradually he developed a rich literature of literature on the field. 2 Renaissance and Reformation. A determined turn to a cchech. Nationalism brought the rel. movement Hus, which in Latin and Czech. Writings for his people and his 16 efforts to negate the spelling and verbosification of the language promoted the further development of the Czech writing. His works then took the † Bohemian Brothers at their greatest lit. achievement the Bible translation begun by the bishop Jan Blahoflab (=ăf; * 1523, † 1593) was: the so-called "Bible translation". Kralizer's Bible (1579 to 1593) became the basis of Czech writing=speak. A brilliant stylist, the rel. thinker and social critic Petr Chęlčicki (=chitßkı; * 1390, † 146o) developed in «The Net of Faith» (c. 1443, dr. 1561) his peasant-communist against all chaplain privileges and every class division. Weltanschauung. The non-ending religious struggles resulted in a flood of religious and political disputations. Huma- nistic influences had a stimulating effect on the Czech lit., many translations followed: the European people= books, naughty descriptions, etc.; much was read of the popular, but not the slightest striving for historical truth-telling »Czech Chronicle« (154i, dt. 1596) by Václav Hájek of Libočan (=chăn; † 1553). After the Battle of the White Mountain (1620) the repressions in the country led to a complete standstill of the lit., whose care was for a long time almost exclusively in the hands of the refugees from Bohemia. It is worth mentioning the work of the educator Komenskh († Comenius), who also earned himself as a Czech poet (allegor. Poetry "The Labyrinth of the World" 162z and others). — 3) Enlightenment and Romanticism. The ideas of the Enlightening promoted by Joseph II gave the impetus in the second half of the 18th century to a new awakening of the national spirit at the T. The high point of such endeavors was the activity of the versatile Joseph Dobrobsky, the creator of the Czech. Linguistics and literary history such as comparative Slavic studies; he wrote Latin or German; in science and poetry a younger generation brought the Czech language to a new reputation. The Slovak Ján Kollár (* 1 called the Slavs of all tribes to the Cwiss. Foundations were given by the Slav. Idea Slavist Josef Safarik; Frantisek Palc czech. Language his »Gesch. des tsch Josef Jungmann (* 1773, † 1847) 5bändiges cschech.=dt. Wb. (1835-39 Ladislad Celakooskh (tschělăköwßki; *I collected folk songs and framed them nc. Jaromir's heirs (* 1811, † 187 fasser of the later state anthem» mûj?), »Where is my homeland?« I Kajetán Thl (til; * 1808, † 1856), ei