English Translation

12 7 in order to avert this danger, the removal of the district offices as a central authority was sought. The last stage of the Austrian state showed a considerable number of postponing authorities: the top managers are the ministries. The ministers lead the execution of the laws and orders of the emperor. They issue implementing and administrative decrees and decide field disputes among the subordinate organs. They have the appointment of officials not reserved to the emperor and exercise disciplinary authority over them, the ministries are monocratically organized; the minister personally bears the responsibility, the Ministries for internal business needs are divided into sections with a section chief at the head. The sections are divided into departments, which are operated by ministerial or sectional councils, as a common central authority there is the Reichskriegsministerium, the Pinanzsministery, the Ministry of the Interior, the Department of Culture and Education, "the Ministry of Agriculture, the Trade Ministry, the State Ministry of Defence, the Railway Ministry and the Ministry for Justice. The number of ministries is not defined constitutionally, so its determination is incumbent on the emperor, who appoints the ministers and assigns them their business. Parliament's representation, however, raises difficulties in setting up an independent railway ministry in 1896. a da ae a daa and provinces of central government is the general state administration of a senior official, the head of state, - 8 -