English Translation

2V - 1.0 - the English show themselves superior to the smaller Dutch, who for the time being still maintain the supremacy in the trade over Arkhangelsk, but are being pushed more and more clearly in the back. Thus, in the economic field, the best conditions for close and mutually beneficial cooperation between England and Russia in this period exist. And we experience the peculiar spectacle of how economic cooperation is becoming ever more active'), while the relationship between the two states occasionally extends almost to open struggles. With Rufland's appearance on the Baltic Sea, for the first time, the opposition between the largest maritime power and the largest land power is announced, which becomes one of the decisive elements of world politics in the 19th century. At the time of Peter the Great, however, it is still purely economic, trade-political aspects for English politics that cause and determine the contrast with Rupland. It is the fear of the loss of trade-policy supremacy on the eastern sea, and the fear that the fleet construction of Peter des Gro- Ben will create a Russian merchant fleet of its own and thus a restriction of the English Rueland trade. As early as 1 699 the Dutch captain Pamburg in Constantinople, who is in Russian service, encounters the cool, almost hostile attitude of the Englishmen. As the Russian envoy Ukraintsev reports, the English see in the emergence of a Russian fleet the danger of an impairment of their trade- they face the Russian desire for the release of the Dardanelle transit. The two seafaring nations already recognize the sharp glances of the fixing of Russia on 1) Notovič, Rossija i Anglija, S.-Peterburg l9O7, p.69. 2) Brückner, Peter der Große, Berlin l879, p.351, 3) H.Uebersberger, Rueiands Orientpolitik in den letzten zwei Jahrhunderten, vol.1, Stuttgart 19l3, p.73, note.2.